|
Marines, also known as a marine corps and naval infantry, are an infantry force that specializes in the support of naval and army operations on land and at sea, as well as the execution of their own operations. In the majority of countries, the marine force is part of the navy, but it can also be under the army like the ''Troupes de marine'' (French Marines) and ''Givati Brigade'' (Israeli Marines), or form an independent armed service branch like the United States Marine Corps and Royal Marines. Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included providing protection from war while at sea, reflecting the pressed nature of the ships' company and the risk of mutiny. Other tasks would include boarding of vessels during combat or capture of prize ships and providing manpower for raiding ashore in support of the naval objectives. With the industrialization of warfare in the 20th century the scale of landing operations increased; this brought with it an increased likelihood of opposition and a need for co-ordination of various military elements. Marine forces evolved to specialize in the skills and capabilities required for amphibious warfare. ==History== In the earliest day of naval warfare, there was little distinction between sailors and soldiers on a warship. In ancient China, the first well-known naval battles took place during the Warring States period (481–221 BC), where kings ruling regional states battled against one another. Chinese naval warfare in this ancient period featured grapple-and-hook, as well as ramming tactics with ships called "stomach strikers" and "colliding swoopers". It was written in the subsequent Han dynasty that the Warring States Era Chinese had employed ''ge chuan'' ships (dagger-axe ships, or halberd ships), thought to have been a simple description of a ship manned by marines carrying dagger-axe halberds as personal weapons to defend their ship. In the west the oarsmen of Ancient Greek and Roman ships had to be capable of fighting the rowers of opposing ships hand-to-hand;〔Themistocles, ''History of the Peloponnesian War'' XIV〕 though hoplites began appearing on Greek ships specifically for the boarding of enemy ships.〔Plutarch, ''Parallel Lives''〕 The Roman Navy's two fleet legions, I ''Adiutrix'' and II ''Adiutrix'', were among the first distinct naval infantry units. The first organized corps of marines was created when the Spanish king, Carlos I, first assigned the naval infantry of the ''Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles'' (Naples Sea Old Companies) to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons) in 1537, progenitors of the current Spanish Navy Marines (Infantería de Marina) corps.〔''Handbook for Marine NCOs'', Kenneth W. Estes, Robert Debs Heinl, Naval Institute Press, 1995 ISBN 1-55750-238-2〕 Marines of Italy was created as ''Fanti da Mar'' in 1550 in the Republic of Venice.〔()〕 The third oldest marine corps in the world was founded as the ''Terço of the Navy of the Crown of Portugal'' in 1618, predecessor to the modern Portuguese Marine Corps. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|